文/ 蔣岳紅
在考察中國(guó)當(dāng)代藝術(shù)的時(shí)候，如果我們已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了將目光恰如其分地停留在藝術(shù)家的作品上，似乎只有在為藝術(shù)家的所做找尋到社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的根據(jù)和藝術(shù)歷史的理由時(shí)，才算是找到了其藝術(shù)作品的適得其所。那麼，在這種看似不留私情的冷眼旁觀(guān)和參照分類(lèi)中，藝術(shù)家作為個(gè)人的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和其藝術(shù)表達(dá)的動(dòng)機(jī)也就被我們主動(dòng)地忽視和遮罩。於是，我們關(guān)於中國(guó)當(dāng)代藝術(shù)實(shí)踐的提問(wèn)就會(huì)局限在做什麼和如何做上，而為什麼做，即藝術(shù)家做藝術(shù)的原因以及目的，就因此成為了一個(gè)虛設(shè)的必然而不再被觸及。
“藝術(shù)”究竟意味著什麼，在某些藝術(shù)家那裏，會(huì)成為一個(gè)需要反反覆復(fù)思辨究詰的概念。但在更願(yuàn)意自詡為“藝人”而不以“藝術(shù)家”自居的李紅軍那裏，前後二十多年的“做”藝術(shù)則是一個(gè)身體力行的答覆。而李紅軍的“做”藝術(shù)，在有意無(wú)意，自覺(jué)不自覺(jué)中契合著中國(guó)當(dāng)代藝術(shù)實(shí)踐風(fēng)口浪尖上的脈動(dòng)——從年畫(huà)作品入選第六屆全國(guó)美術(shù)作品展覽，到畢業(yè)創(chuàng)作躋身“89後”油畫(huà)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義新思潮中的一份子，再到裝置作品成為90年代初從民間到現(xiàn)代，從架上到非架上過(guò)渡時(shí)期的實(shí)驗(yàn)藝術(shù)個(gè)案。
追求木版畫(huà)效果的年畫(huà)作品《春華秋實(shí)》入選1984年第六屆全國(guó)美術(shù)作品展覽。作品以懷孕的妻子為模特，以所倚靠的門(mén)楣上“春華秋實(shí)”的對(duì)聯(lián)橫批點(diǎn)題，流露出的是對(duì)於生活詩(shī)意樸素自然地觀(guān)察和表達(dá)。此時(shí)中國(guó)的當(dāng)代繪畫(huà)實(shí)踐也正悄然從傷痕過(guò)渡到了鄉(xiāng)土，鄉(xiāng)土寫(xiě)實(shí)繪畫(huà)的概念正式被提出 。
油畫(huà)作品《老婆孩子雞》系列是他1991年中央美術(shù)學(xué)院民間美術(shù)系大專(zhuān)班的畢業(yè)創(chuàng)作，在對(duì)於個(gè)人現(xiàn)實(shí)生活場(chǎng)景片段進(jìn)行關(guān)照的後面是自我的缺席在場(chǎng)。作品中對(duì)個(gè)人日常生活略帶自嘲的焦灼，使得他以鄉(xiāng)土生活現(xiàn)實(shí)的描繪而與當(dāng)年的方力鈞、劉曉東等人的創(chuàng)作實(shí)踐一同成為構(gòu)成中國(guó)美術(shù)"８９後"獨(dú)立指向最明確有力的新思潮 中的代表作品。儘管這一繪畫(huà)創(chuàng)作實(shí)踐體現(xiàn)的新氣象被栗憲庭稱(chēng)其為"幽默現(xiàn)實(shí)主義"，被高名潞稱(chēng)為"存在現(xiàn)實(shí)主義"，被張曉軍稱(chēng)為"文化現(xiàn)實(shí)主義"，但是在李紅軍這裡看似只有現(xiàn)實(shí)，並無(wú)主義。比如畫(huà)面裏出現(xiàn)的“毛主席像”，作為 “政治波普”的符號(hào)被引用，但依李紅軍所言，它就貼在那兒，並不是刻意選擇的。作品體現(xiàn)出的是他的生活現(xiàn)實(shí)，也是他的藝術(shù)現(xiàn)實(shí)。他借助自身對(duì)於民間美術(shù)造型語(yǔ)言的提煉和把握，事實(shí)上賦予了畫(huà)面以超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義意味。如果説那只女人想抓卻抓不住的用盡渾身解數(shù)掙脫的公雞是男人的象徵，那麼在雞飛娃哭妻忙的門(mén)外，匆匆而走的雙腿，或許可以看作是藝術(shù)家逃離現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的自我寫(xiě)照。
1992－3年《紅蜘蛛》系列裝置作品中對(duì)於“網(wǎng)”的視覺(jué)化呈現(xiàn)是對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活境遇狀態(tài)的體悟，也是在觀(guān)唸有效表達(dá)上有關(guān)語(yǔ)言形式的實(shí)質(zhì)性拓展。系列I是針對(duì)網(wǎng)作為容器的功能特質(zhì)進(jìn)行的視覺(jué)化呈現(xiàn)。網(wǎng)裏網(wǎng)外的穿透與阻隔，出逃與進(jìn)駐，掩藏與暴露，如影隨形，互為條件，似乎進(jìn)退就在一念間。系列II是表達(dá)和表現(xiàn)上的一次推進(jìn)。作品不再停留在對(duì)於“網(wǎng)”符號(hào)的使用上，而是將“網(wǎng)”作為了語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)，用網(wǎng)來(lái)修補(bǔ)日常遭遇中的缺漏本質(zhì)上卻是對(duì)於缺漏本身的強(qiáng)調(diào)和凸現(xiàn)，虛實(shí)真?zhèn)蔚霓D(zhuǎn)換間徒勞的修補(bǔ)空留下形式的意味，勞作的意義何在？當(dāng)時(shí)呂勝中策劃的兩次“過(guò)渡”展中所謂“腳踏兩隻船”也就是如何從民間本土語(yǔ)言到當(dāng)代藝術(shù)形式的過(guò)渡，在李紅軍個(gè)人則是從繪畫(huà)到裝置毫無(wú)後顧的前瞻性實(shí)驗(yàn)，也為其1995年的《道?器》創(chuàng)作預(yù)留下了令人期待的表達(dá)空間——以日常生活物件留形于書(shū)，形而下的物質(zhì)與形而上的精神因其視覺(jué)化地呈現(xiàn)而成為彼此妥協(xié)孕生而非相互對(duì)峙兩立的矛盾概念。
如果説，李紅軍對(duì)於繪畫(huà)題材和裝置語(yǔ)言的敏感把握和切身表達(dá)，讓他的所做成為了中國(guó)當(dāng)代藝術(shù)實(shí)踐自身邏輯上有價(jià)值的個(gè)案。那麼從《道?器》開(kāi)始的對(duì)於“紙”這一材料持續(xù)至今的關(guān)注和鑽營(yíng)則正如他本人所言，“那些在紙層夾縫中綿延回轉(zhuǎn)的空洞，也許就是我的宿命”。紙對(duì)於自認(rèn)“祖上八輩子都是農(nóng)民”的李紅軍而言，的確是承擔(dān)著改變命運(yùn)的一頁(yè)又一頁(yè)。墻上貼著的一紙畫(huà)被安排來(lái)家吃飯的鄉(xiāng)書(shū)記和教育專(zhuān)幹相中，高中畢業(yè)在下河李村任會(huì)計(jì)的李紅軍離開(kāi)了滾驢溝成了鄉(xiāng)里電影院的合同工；一紙陜西風(fēng)翔師範(fàn)美術(shù)班的中專(zhuān)文憑，這個(gè)村子裏的第一個(gè)中專(zhuān)生成了千陽(yáng)縣文化館吃商品糧的幹部；一幅入選全國(guó)美展的年畫(huà)讓他被寫(xiě)入了縣誌；一紙文化部培養(yǎng)基層文化館幹部的文件讓他有機(jī)會(huì)考入中央美術(shù)學(xué)院的大專(zhuān)班，也讓他由此介入中國(guó)當(dāng)代藝術(shù)實(shí)踐的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)；與當(dāng)代藝術(shù)若即若離的十年後，是因著一張中央美術(shù)學(xué)院的藝術(shù)碩士文憑，已經(jīng)擔(dān)任省藝術(shù)館主任一職的李紅軍第三次進(jìn)京，憑藉從無(wú)字書(shū)中抽離出的一頁(yè)又一頁(yè)白紙層層建構(gòu)出的頭和手成就著他與畫(huà)廊合作的自由藝術(shù)家身份，也成全著他與中國(guó)當(dāng)代藝術(shù)實(shí)踐的重續(xù)前緣。
的確，對(duì)於我們?nèi)魏我粋€(gè)人來(lái)説，紙都是一個(gè)證據(jù)。紙是經(jīng)濟(jì)範(fàn)疇的同時(shí)也是意識(shí)形態(tài)領(lǐng)域的。是紙見(jiàn)證和建構(gòu)了我們的日常生活，承載和構(gòu)建出我們關(guān)乎物質(zhì)和精神的一切想像。然而，李紅軍對(duì)於紙的鑽營(yíng)，卻讓我們?cè)庥龅搅思埖哪吧惺艿郊埖暮滢o和意味深長(zhǎng)：是形而上的也是形而下的，是可信的也是可疑的，輕而沉，薄而厚，既無(wú)還有——《道?器》（1995）中從載道的字書(shū)裏看到平常器物；《錢(qián)塔》（1996）的鑿紙為幣和《貨幣兌換》（1996）的冥幣換洋/陽(yáng)錢(qián) ；到現(xiàn)在把自身的三維影像切分為白紙千張之後再重塑“我”的形態(tài)各異——如此的陌生化之所以得以呈現(xiàn)和流露出來(lái)不是因?yàn)樗囆g(shù)家對(duì)紙的所指的熟悉而是因?yàn)樗囆g(shù)家與紙的能指之間的距離。其實(shí)並非是出於紙作為材料在其日常生活中的觸手可及，而是源於紙作為文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)的象徵之物，讓李紅軍切身感受到的距離和強(qiáng)勢(shì)，以及因教育與金錢(qián)而生發(fā)出來(lái)的壓力和無(wú)奈。關(guān)乎這種蘊(yùn)含于紙的壓力和無(wú)奈或許在很多人來(lái)説是隱性的，李紅軍卻成功地通過(guò)他的作品娓娓道出，完成著一遍又一遍將其顯性化的有效表達(dá)。
事實(shí)上，無(wú)論是“老婆孩子雞”的題材，還是網(wǎng)的象徵和紙的鑽營(yíng)，都強(qiáng)烈地傳達(dá)出李紅軍對(duì)其個(gè)人生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)的詰難和咀嚼。他個(gè)人藝術(shù)表達(dá)的動(dòng)機(jī)始終懸浮和包裹在其具體作品的周?chē)Ｋ姆稚怼r(nóng)民、幹部、藝術(shù)家多重身份的並存，是他的現(xiàn)實(shí)也是他的選擇。為什麼“做”藝術(shù)不僅只是他的癡心，還是他的本能——其間流露出的有對(duì)藝術(shù)勞作把持的尊重，也有試圖從有形和無(wú)形的束縛中抽身的妄想。或許，正是這種對(duì)於藝術(shù)的宿命感，才讓李紅軍的“做”藝術(shù)成為我們?cè)趪L試建立中國(guó)當(dāng)代藝術(shù)實(shí)踐體系時(shí)所珍視的一個(gè)特例。
For What: “Doing” Arts
By Jiang Yuehong
In reviewing Contemporary Art in China, if we have been used to appropriately eyeing it, we can hardly position an artist’s piece unless we find certain evidences of social reality and causes in art history to interpret his practice. Well, with such an apparently straight and cold look and referential identification, we will forwardly neglect and screen the artist’s own personal experiences of life and his motif of an art delivery. As a result, our questions on those practices of Contemporary Art in China may probably be bounded to what an artist does and how he does it and as for why he does it, saying, why and for what an artist does an art, it becomes a necessity in name only and is referred to no more.
What does “art” really mean then? To certain artists, it will be a concept requiring a serious consideration time after time. However, to Li Hongjun who prefers addressing himself an “artisan” rather than an “artist”, his own “doing” an art over twenty years long has been an answer in action to the question. On the other hand, consciously or unconsciously of self-knowledge or not, his “doing” an art has been corresponding to the key pulse of the peak of the contemporary art tide in China – from his piece of traditional Spring Festival art selected into the Sixth National Art Exhibition, to his graduate pieces risen up as one share of the New Trend of “After ’89” Realism in Oil Painting Art, to his installations recognized as a personal case of experimental art in the early 90s during the interim from a folk world to the modern world as well as from traditional art to specific-site art.
His piece “Prosperous Spring & Fruitful Fall” with an effect of a woodcut on purpose was selected into the Sixth National Art Exhibition, 1984. In it, the woman is after his pregnant wife at that time, sitting against a door where there pasted is a pair of couplet with its horizontal theme “Prosperous Spring & Fruitful Fall” corresponding to the title. All these reveal his observing and expressing about life in a poetic, simple and natural tone. At the time, the practice of Contemporary Art in China was silently transiting from social wounded traces to farming life in subject and the concept of painting the countryside realistically was formally suggested .
The oil painting series “Wife, Baby, Rooster”, his graduate pieces completed in a class of 3-year-long study in the department of Folk Art, Central Academy of Fine Arts, is an extension that the artist himself has tried quite long to achieve after his previous series “Wife, Baby, Rooster”, and since then, he stops his practice in painting. An absence of self can be traced behind his concerns about his personal daily life delivered by these paintings. With certain slight sense of self-mockery, his anxieties about his own daily life released from his pieces put his art practices as magnum opuses of the New Trend of “After ’89” Realism in Oil Painting Art , which features most clear and vigorous arisen in Chinese art circle, along with those of Fang Lijun, Liu Xiaodong and so on. Although such a new atmosphere created by its practices is named “Humorous Realism” by Li Xianting, “Realism of Existence” by Gao Minglu, and “Cultural Realism” by Zhang Xiaojun, there seems only a reality but no “-ism”-related ideology. For example, there appears a “Portrait of Chairman Mao” in the piece, which is quoted by others as a symbol of “Political Bop” , but, said by himself, it is just pasted there with no special intention. His reality in life and in art is reflected via the series. Taking the advantages of his professional refinement and mastery of Chinese folk fine arts, he endues the painting menus with an air of super-realism. Regarding the rooster playing its best skill s to break loose from the woman’s desire as a man’s symbol , the Out of the door where the rooster are flying, baby crying while the wife busy, there are a pair of hurry legs, which may be regarded as a vivid self-reflection that the artist himself is immediately fleeing from the spot.
During 1992 to 1993, the installation series “Red Spider” presents a visualization of “netting” displaying his realization of the life conditions in reality, which is also an actual development of expressional form in terms of an effective delivery of an idea. Series I is a visualized presentation focusing on the nets as containers in function. Either penetrating or obstructing into and out of the nets, escaping or entering, or, covering or exposing, very closely associated with each other, each serves as a condition to another. It seems that forward or backward is just up to a sudden idea. “Red Spider II” is a development in expression and program. The piece goes beyond the application of “netting” just as a symbol in taking “netting” for an expression. That the netting is applied to make up the shortage or imperfection of our daily life is a kind of highlighted display of the shortage or imperfection. In transforming between truth and fakeness, such a fruitless make-up just leaves us certain sense in form only, and then what is exactly the value of labor to us? At that time, regarded as a manner of “having a foot in two camp”, the two “Transiting” Exhibits planned by Prof. Lv Shengzhong demonstrates how Chinese art was transiting from the form of folk art to that of modern art in expression. As to Li himself, he took predicting experiments from painting to installations with no hesitation, which also reserved certain highly expected room for him to express in his coming practice of the series “Dao?Utensils” ,1995 – the ordinary objects adopted to make theirs shapes into books, where physical material and metaphysical spirit are displayed by visualization, being a concept of contradiction in a compromise of each other for a new born rather than absolutely opposite to each other.
If we say that Li’s sensitive mastery and very personal deliveries of painting themes and installation expressions enable what he has done to be a valuable personal case due to the logics of modern art practice in China, his constant attention and addiction to the material “Paper” since the series “Dao? Utensils” to the present are just described by his own statement: “Perhaps my predestinated life is just like those empty caves continuously through or between those paper layers.” As to Li who claims “his family has been farmers for generations all the time” , paper bears all the pages of his life changes. A drawing paper pasted on a wall was favored by a CPC secretariat of the village and an officer of local education who were both arranged having a meal with his family, then, Li, a high school graduate, left from the Valley Gun-liu-gou to the village and changed his job from being an accountant of the Li-family Village downstream to be a contracted employee in the town cinema. Afterwards, a diploma in art issued to him by Shangxi Fengxiang Normal School, a technical secondary school, made him, the first graduate from such a school in his village, becoming a local cadre in the cultural office of the Qian-yang county and earning the state-paid salary. An oil painting of Spring Festival theme selected into a national art exhibition let his name recorded in the county annals. An official document from National Administration of Culture to select and train certain cadres from grass roots let him get a chance via his success in exam of studying in a class of 3-year-long program in Central Academy of Fine Arts, which also let him step into the developing path of contemporary art practice in China. after 10 years of his life at an arm’s length to contemporary art, it is a diploma of master in art issued by Central Academy of Fine Arts that makes him back to Beijing for the third time with his official rank as Dean of Shangxi Provincial Art Hall left behind. Then, the head and hand constructed by him with the thousand white papers respectively taken from a book of no character let him start cooperating with art galleries as a freelance artist in identity. Such a practice also re-started his predestinated relation with Contemporary Art in China.
Certainly, to everyone, paper is a proof. Paper is referred in economy as well as in ideology. It is paper that has witnessed and structured our daily life, carried and built up all what we image about material and spirit. However, Li’s “into papers” leads us encountering the alienation of paper and experiencing the ambiguity and significance of paper: physically and metaphysically as well, trustable and distrustful as well, light and heavy as well, thin and thick as well, none and ens as well – from the series 《Dao?Utensils》（1995）, those daily utensils identified from the literal books bearing Dao; taking cut papers as currency in Money Tower and using Chinese paper money for the death to exchange for the foreign/worldly money; now, he cuts his own 3-dimensional figure into thousands of white paper pieces and then re-set up various appearances of “I” – it is not because he know the designation of paper very well but because he is in certain distance from it that such an alienation is effectively presented and expressed. In fact, it is because paper is a symbol of culture and of economy as well rather than because paper as a material is so handy in daily life but that Li recognize the distance and force as well as the pressure and helplessness caused by education and money. Such pressure and helplessness borne in paper is hidden to most of people, however, Li succeeds in telling it out vividly via his piece, achieving his effective delivery of visualizing it repeatedly.
As a matter of fact, not only the subject of “Wife, Baby, Rooster” but also the symbolization of “Netting” and the devotion of “Into Papers” all deliver Li’s interrogation and chewing of his personal experiences in life. His motif in art is always suspending and wrapped up around his specific arts. His co-existing identities such as farmer, cadre and artist are of his reality as well of his own choice. For what to do an art is not only his infatuation but also his instinct – which releases his respect to the labor in art and his fantasy of trying to get away from the material or bodiless bound. Perhaps, it is this sense of predestination toward art that lets Li’s “doing” arts become a very special example for us to prize in our establishment of a system of contemporay art practice in China.
( translated by Jiang Wenhui)